Description General description Extremely potent mouse skin tumor promoter. Activates protein kinase C (PKC) in vivo and in vitro, even at nanomolar concentrations. Promotes the expression of iNOS in cultured hepatocytes. Activates Ca2+-ATPase and potentiates forskolin-induced cAMP formation. Inhibits apoptosis induced by the Fas antigen, but induces apoptosis in HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells. Most commonly used phorbol ester. Most commonly-used phorbol ester. Extremely potent mouse skin tumor promoter. Activates protein kinase C in vivo and in vitro, even at nM concentrations. Promotes the expression of inducible NOS in cultured hepatocytes. Activates Ca2+-ATPase and potentiates forskolin-induced cAMP formation. Inhibits apoptosis induced by the Fas antigen, but induces apoptosis in HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells. Its binding is reversible. Also available as a 10 mM solution in DMSO (Cat. No. 500582). Packaging 1, 5, 10, 25 mg in Glass bottle Biochem/physiol Actions Cell permeable: no Primary Target Protein Kinase C Product does not compete with ATP. Reversible: yes Packaging Packaged under inert gas Warning Toxicity: Harmful (C) Preparation Note Further dilute with aqueous buffers just prior to use. Reconstitution Following reconstitution, aliquot and freeze (-20°C). Anhydrous DMSO stock solutions are stable for up to 6 months at -20°C. With frequent use, the DMSO stock solutions may accumulate water. The presence of water in the stock solution will accelerate the decomposition of the product, resulting in significant loss of activity in 2-3 months. Other Notes Powell, D.J., et al. 2003. Mol. Cell Biol.23, 7794. Tepper, C.G., et al. 1995. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA92, 8443. Oishi, K., and Yamaguchi, M. 1994. J. Cell. Biochem. 55, 168. Macfarlane, D.E., and O’Donnell, P.S. 1993. Leukemia7, 1846. Ghandi, V.C. and Jones, D.J., 1992. Neuropharmacol.31, 1101. Hortelano, S., et al. 1992. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 24937. Kontny, E., et al. 1992. Eur. J. Pharmacol.227, 333. Zanaboni, P.B., et al. 1992. J. Appl. Physiol.73, 2011. Saltis, J., et al. 1991. J. Biol. Chem.266, 261. Beguinot, L., et al. 1985. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA82, 2774. Perchellet, J. 1985. Carcinogenesis6, 567. Nishizuka, Y. 1984. Science255, 1365. Mastro, A. 1982. Lymphokines6, 263.